Definitions
Absolute Measurement - are measurements of fixed values. For example, a millimeter is a precisely defined increment of a centimeter. All absolute measurements are expressed in finite terms that cannot be altered.
Relative Measurement - many measurements, such as character spacing, are linked to type size, which means that their relationships are defined by a series of relative measurements.
Point - is the unit of measurement used to measure the type size of a font.
Pica - is a unit of measurement equal to 12 points that is commonly used for measuring lines of type
Em (and em dash) - is a relative unit of measurement used in typesetting to define basic spacing functions, and therefore it is linked to the size of the type. An em = the size of a given type.
En (and en dash) - is a unit of relative measurement equal to half of one em.
Legibility - depends upon the ease with which the eye can identify letters, and distinguish them from one another. It therefore depends on the relationship of letters in the font as upon the design of the individual letters.
Rag - occur when highly noticeable shapes form by the line endsof text blocks that distract from simple, uninterrupted reading. Rags can include exaggerated slopes or noticeable inclines.
Type Alignments - Flush left - all lines line up to the left margin, jagged right, easy to read.
Flush right – the ends of lines are aligned on the right margin, jagged left, can be hard to read in large amounts.
Centered – all text is centered between the left and right margin, overused.
Justified – text is spaced so that it aligns with both the left and right margin, can create odd spaces, but looks really nice when used well.
Word Spacing - adjusts the space between words.
Rivers - typically occur in justified text blocks when the separation of the words leaves gaps of white space in several lines. A river effect is created where white space gaps align through the text.
Indent - text blocks can be indented so that some or all of the text lines are moved in from the margin by a specified amount. Indention provides the reader with an easily accessible entry point to a paragraph.
Leading - the point system used to specify the depth of space between lines. Leading refers to the hot-metal printing term where strips of lead were inserted between text measures in order to space them correctly.
Kerning - is the spacing of particular letter pairs that would otherwise create disproportionate spaces. If the letters in a typeface are spaced too uniformly, they make a pattern that doesn't look uniform enough
Tracking - adjusting the overall space between letters, rather than the space between two characters. Also known as letterspacing.
Weight - typefaces customarily include a choice of weights from bold, to intermediate weights like medium and demi. An increase in the stroke width will necessitate modifications of the form of the font.
Scale - content may be differentiated through the scale of the type, by increases in point size. As a general rule, size should be increased or decreased by at least 2 points to create a contrast.
Typographic Variation - should serve to clarify visually for the reader specific to kinds of emphasis and prioritization, and to establish consistent distinctions between different kinds of content.
Orphan - the final one or two sentences of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph toform a new column and should be avoided.
Widow - a lone word at the end of a paragraph
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